Machiavelli for Anarchists, Part 1

Readers may be wondering what happened to the planned final post on Trotsky’s “Terrorism and Communism”. It was meant to be a consideration of the issue of methods, of how a revolutionary but non-state force could establish stability and security without employing the methods of their enemies.

But I never quite got much in the way of clarity on the issue, so I’ve decided that the intelligent thing to do is to throw something else on the compost-pile in the hope of cross-germination. The thing is question is Machiavelli, who famously wrote in very hard-headed terms about how to get and acquire power, and whose writings (if I recall correctly) were much studied by many revolutionaries. So this is the first of what will hopefully be a few posts containing random reflections touched off by reading “The Prince” and “The Discourses”.

I should note, by the way, that it’s not like I’m some kind of enthusiast for civil war. There are very few things worse than civil war. Nor do I think civil war necessarily inevitable in the transition to anarchist communism. I do consider ‘revolution’ inevitable, by which I mean, a struggle, in which the holders of power lose power against their will. But that could take any number of forms, which would call for any number of strategies.

The reason the issue of civil war concerns me is that it is in a sense the worst-case scenario, and hence the most appropriate ‘test’ for an ideology or body of thought: when events have led up to a situation such as that in Russia, or Spain, or Germany, in the inter-war period, and a certain territory is contested by two implacably opposed forces, neither of which can permit the other to win, and both of whom have supporters everywhere – then all the easy answers become hardest. And so I feel drawn to consider the issue of how an anarchist communist (feminist anti-racist vegan etc.) force in such a situation should proceed.

Terrorism and Communism: Trotsky is a Bell-End.

This, if it's not clear, is Lenin beating a worker-stereotype to death with a book

One of the key questions in evaluating Trotsky and the Bolsheviks is the issue of party vs. class dictatorship. I’m going to assume here that ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’, in the sense discussed in previous posts on “Terrorism and Communism“, is desirable.

Now this question is in many respects quite obvious. The Bolshevik party destroyed proletarian rule by abusing and subordinating the soviets. They, in the cliched phrase, substituted their own party for the working class. Stalin merely continued the basic attitude of Lenin and Trotsky.

What’s interesting, really, is that this fact is so often denied by modern Trotskyists (or rather, that there are so many Trotskyists, since it would be hard to be one while also seeing the man himself as a ‘gravedigger of the revolution’).

So before going into any sort of deep and interesting discussion, I will try to convey how conspicuous this fact appears to me.

To judge a group’s actions we might look at three things: what they said, what they did, and what sort of effect it had. If some of these are bad but others good, then we have a difficult decision. But if they’re all the same…

Terrorism and Communism: Don’t be Moral

In my last post on “Terrorism and Communism“, I laid out a set of questions that I wanted to ask – the question of rule by the proletariat vs. rule by all classes equally, the question of rule by the proletariat vs. rule by a certain political party, the question of emergency powers vs. constitutional powers, and the question of means, justified by the end or not.

Now, the easiest of these questions to answer is the third – that of exercising emergency rule by exceptional powers, or abiding by the normal constitutional procedures. The reason it’s easy to answer is that almost nobody in the world seriously believes that the same tenor of political activity that’s appropriate in peace is appropriate in war.

For example, if the constitution prescribes a checking procedure that tends to take about 5 days, and the White Armies are 2 days away, the idea that the normal procedures should be suspended in order to make rapid decisions is fairly obvious.

So in that sense, the idea of a dictatorship of the proletariat, in the main sense that the phrase would have had in the 19th century, as meaning the ‘martial law’ of the proletariat, is easy to justify – it requires only the assumptions that 1) the situation resembles a warlike one, with hostile forces sitting ready to assault each other, and 2) that the victory of the revolutionary forces is desirable. If 1. isn’t obvious then hooray, we’re unrealistically lucky, and if someone doesn’t agree with 2., then T&C is hardly the book for them to be focusing on.

So this post isn’t really going to try and answer that question, with its obvious answer, it’s going to talk about moral goodness, and why sometimes, it’s a bad idea.

Terrorism and Communism: the Meaning of Dictatorship

Trotsky in “Terrorism and Communism” frequently counterposes his position – support for revolutionary dictatorship – with that of the ‘democratic’ Kautsky, doing so in the name of the famous Marxist phrase ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’.

Now, it’s routinely pointed out that this idea doesn’t mean a ‘dictatorship’ in the sense that we would now understand that term – the unaccountable rule of an individual or small group. Rather, it is very close in meaning to (perhaps even synonymous with) ‘rule of the proletariat’ or ‘power of the proletariat’ – and the proletariat is a mass class, not a dictatorial minority. So the dictatorship of the proletariat implies a great deal of ‘democracy’.

Yet here Trotsky is openly arguing against something called ‘democracy’. So the dictatorship of the proletariat is a dictatorship after all?

And, further complicating the issue, is that Trotsky and Lenin said on several occasions that their understanding of rule by the proletariat is tightly bound up with the rule of the Bolshevik party, and that when necessary this should be elevated over the momentary will of the actual workers. So there does seem to be an element of ‘dictatorship’ involved – but it’s not exactly this which Trotsky seems to be arguing for against Kautsky.

So things seem a bit confusing. I don’t claim to have matters sorted entirely, but I will try to distinguish three separate questions, answers to each of which might be termed ‘dictatorship’. These are not entirely distinct, and some issues blur the lines, but they helped me to conceptualise the issues.

Terrorism and Communism, Preliminary Thoughts

I’ve been reading Trotsky’s “Terrorism and Communism“, in which he defends the use of repression and terrorism by the Bolsheviks in the Russian civil war. Given that I am not a huge fan of Bolshevism, I am, unsurprisingly, disagreeing with the overall thrust of the book – while also agreeing with various particular points. I suppose that’s what challenging books tend to do.

This is only going to be the first in a series of posts trying to wrestle the kinks and details out of the book and my response. I’m just going to note some preliminary reactions I felt while reading it: